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		<h1 class="header__title"><a href="/">失落的乐章</a></h1>
		<h2 class="header__subtitle">技术面前，永远都是学生。</h2>
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		<h1>HA 集群配置</h1>
	
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		<span class="article__date">2017-10-12</span><br />
		
		
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			  	<a class="article__tag-link" href="/tags/HA集群/">HA集群</a>
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		<p>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;HA 即 （high available）高可用，又被叫做双机热备，用于关键性业务。 简单理解就是，有两台机器A和B，正常是A提供服务，B待命闲置，当A宕机或服务宕掉，会切换至B机器继续提供服务。常用实现高可用的开源软件有heartbeat和keepalived，其中keepalived有负载均衡的功能。</p>
<p><figure class="figure"><img src="https://github.com/hcldirgit/image/blob/master/heartbeat%E9%83%A8%E7%BD%B2%E8%BF%87%E7%A8%8B/01.jpeg?raw=true" alt="images"><figcaption class="figure__caption">images</figcaption></figure></p>
<p>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;如图所示为一个 HA 结构，一个交换机下面有两台机器 web1 和 web2 ，其中 web1 为主节点，正常是它在提供服务，而 web2 备用节点是闲置的。 web1 和 web2 中间有一根心跳线，检查对方的存活状态。流动 IP ，也叫 vip 是对外提供服务的 ip ，正常情况下，是配置在 web1 上的，当 web1 宕机后， web2 会自动配置该 vip ，对外提供服务。</p>
<h2 id="heartbeat-部署"><a href="#heartbeat-部署" class="headerlink" title="heartbeat 部署"></a>heartbeat 部署</h2><p>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;下面使用 heartbeat 来做 HA 集群，并且把 nginx 服务作为 HA 对应的服务</p>
<h3 id="准备工作"><a href="#准备工作" class="headerlink" title="准备工作"></a>准备工作</h3><p>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;两台机器，都是 centos6.5，网卡 eth0 ip 地址为</p>
<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><div class="line">1</div><div class="line">2</div></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><div class="line">master 192.168.0.69</div><div class="line">slave 192.168.0.68</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;eth1 ip 地址为</p>
<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><div class="line">1</div><div class="line">2</div></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><div class="line">master 192.168.91.100</div><div class="line">slave 192.168.91.101</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h4 id="1-hostname-设置好，分别为-master-和-slave"><a href="#1-hostname-设置好，分别为-master-和-slave" class="headerlink" title="1. hostname 设置好，分别为 master 和 slave"></a>1. hostname 设置好，分别为 master 和 slave</h4><p>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;主上设置 hostname</p>
<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><div class="line">1</div><div class="line">2</div><div class="line">3</div></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><div class="line">[root@HA1 ~]<span class="comment"># hostname master</span></div><div class="line">[root@HA1 ~]<span class="comment"># bash</span></div><div class="line">[root@master ~]<span class="comment"># vim /etc/sysconfig/network</span></div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;编辑文件</p>
<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><div class="line">1</div><div class="line">2</div></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><div class="line">NETWORKING=yes</div><div class="line">HOSTNAME=master</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;从上设置 hostname</p>
<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><div class="line">1</div><div class="line">2</div><div class="line">3</div></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><div class="line">[root@HA2 ~]<span class="comment"># hostname slave</span></div><div class="line">[root@HA2 ~]<span class="comment"># bash</span></div><div class="line">[root@slave ~]<span class="comment"># vim /etc/sysconfig/network</span></div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;编辑文件</p>
<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><div class="line">1</div><div class="line">2</div></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><div class="line">NETWORKING=yes</div><div class="line">HOSTNAME=master</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h4 id="2-关闭防火墙"><a href="#2-关闭防火墙" class="headerlink" title="2.关闭防火墙"></a>2.关闭防火墙</h4><p>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;主和从上都操作</p>
<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><div class="line">1</div><div class="line">2</div></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><div class="line">iptables -F</div><div class="line">service iptables save</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;主和从都关闭 selinux</p>
<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><div class="line">1</div><div class="line">2</div></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><div class="line">setenforce 0</div><div class="line">sed -i <span class="string">'s/SELINUX=enforcing/SELINUX=disabled/'</span> /etc/selinux/config</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h4 id="3-配置-hosts"><a href="#3-配置-hosts" class="headerlink" title="3.配置 hosts"></a>3.配置 hosts</h4><p>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;主和从都编辑</p>
<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><div class="line">1</div></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><div class="line">vim /etc/hosts</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;增加内容</p>
<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><div class="line">1</div><div class="line">2</div></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><div class="line">192.168.0.69 master</div><div class="line">192.168.0.68 slave</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h4 id="4-安装-epel-扩展源"><a href="#4-安装-epel-扩展源" class="headerlink" title="4.安装 epel 扩展源"></a>4.安装 epel 扩展源</h4><p>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;主和从都执行</p>
<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><div class="line">1</div></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><div class="line">yum install -y epel-release</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h4 id="5-安装-heartbeat"><a href="#5-安装-heartbeat" class="headerlink" title="5.安装 heartbeat"></a>5.安装 heartbeat</h4><p>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;主和从都执行</p>
<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><div class="line">1</div></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><div class="line">yum install -y heartbeat* libnet nginx</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h4 id="6-主上（master）配置"><a href="#6-主上（master）配置" class="headerlink" title="6.主上（master）配置"></a>6.主上（master）配置</h4><figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><div class="line">1</div><div class="line">2</div><div class="line">3</div></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><div class="line">[root@master ~]<span class="comment"># cd /usr/share/doc/heartbeat-3.0.4/</span></div><div class="line">[root@master heartbeat-3.0.4]<span class="comment"># cp authkeys ha.cf haresources /etc/ha.d</span></div><div class="line">[root@master heartbeat-3.0.4]<span class="comment"># cd /etc/ha.d</span></div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;然后编辑</p>
<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><div class="line">1</div></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><div class="line">[root@master ha.d]<span class="comment"># vim authkeys</span></div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;更改</p>
<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><div class="line">1</div><div class="line">2</div><div class="line">3</div><div class="line">4</div></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><div class="line"><span class="comment">#auth 1</span></div><div class="line"><span class="comment">#1 crc</span></div><div class="line"><span class="comment">#2 shal HI!</span></div><div class="line"><span class="comment">#3 md5 Hello!</span></div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;修改为</p>
<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><div class="line">1</div><div class="line">2</div><div class="line">3</div><div class="line">4</div></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><div class="line"><span class="comment">#auth 3</span></div><div class="line"><span class="comment">#1 crc</span></div><div class="line"><span class="comment">#2 shal HI!</span></div><div class="line">3 md5 Hello!</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;这是用来验证的 crc 最简单， shal 最复杂。</p>
<p>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;然后修改权限</p>
<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><div class="line">1</div></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><div class="line">[root@master ha.d]<span class="comment"># chmod 600 authkeys</span></div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;编辑 haresources 文件</p>
<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><div class="line">1</div><div class="line">2</div><div class="line">3</div></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><div class="line">[root@master ha.d]<span class="comment"># vim haresources</span></div><div class="line"><span class="comment">#</span></div><div class="line"><span class="comment">#nodel 10.0.0.170 Filesystem::/dev/sda1::data1:;ext2</span></div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;修改为</p>
<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><div class="line">1</div><div class="line">2</div></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><div class="line"><span class="comment">#</span></div><div class="line">master 192.168.0.70/24/eth0:0 nginx</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;说明：master 为主节点 hostname ，192.168.0.70 为 vip ，/24 为24网段，eth0:0 为 vip 的设备名，nginx 为 heartbeat 监控的服务，也是两台机器对外提供的核心服务。</p>
<p>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;然后编辑 ha.cf</p>
<p>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;清空 ha.cf</p>
<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><div class="line">1</div><div class="line">2</div></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><div class="line">[root@master ha.d]<span class="comment"># &gt;ha.cf</span></div><div class="line">[root@master ha.d]<span class="comment"># vim ha.cf</span></div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;增加内容</p>
<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><div class="line">1</div><div class="line">2</div><div class="line">3</div><div class="line">4</div><div class="line">5</div><div class="line">6</div><div class="line">7</div><div class="line">8</div><div class="line">9</div><div class="line">10</div><div class="line">11</div><div class="line">12</div><div class="line">13</div><div class="line">14</div></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><div class="line">debugfile /var/<span class="built_in">log</span>/ha-debug</div><div class="line">logfile /var/<span class="built_in">log</span>/ha-log</div><div class="line">logfacility local0</div><div class="line">keepalive 2</div><div class="line">deadtime 30</div><div class="line">warntime 10</div><div class="line">initdead 60</div><div class="line">udpport 694</div><div class="line">ucast eth1 192.168.91.101</div><div class="line">auto_failback on</div><div class="line">node master</div><div class="line">node slave</div><div class="line">ping 192.168.91.1</div><div class="line">respawn hacluster /usr/lib64/heartbeat/ipfail</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;配置说明：</p>
<ul>
<li><code>debugfile /var/log/ha-debug</code>：该文件保存 heartbeat 的调试信息;</li>
<li><code>logfile /var/log/ha-log</code>：heartbeat 的日志文件；</li>
<li><code>keepalive 2</code>：心跳的时间间隔，默认时间单位为秒；</li>
<li><code>deadtime 30</code>：超出该时间间隔未收到对方节点的心跳，则认为对方已经死亡；</li>
<li><code>warntime 10</code>：超出该时间间隔未收到对方节点的心跳，则发出警告并记录到日志中；</li>
<li><code>initdead 60</code>：在某些系统上，系统启动或重启之后需要经过一段时间网络才能正常工作，该选项用于解决这种情况产生的时间间隔。取值至少为 deadtime 的两倍；</li>
<li><code>udpport 694</code>：设置广播通信使用的端口， 694 为默认使用的端口；</li>
<li><code>ucast eth1 192.168.91.101</code>：设置为对方机器心跳检测的网卡和 ip；</li>
<li><code>auto_failback on</code>：heartbeat 的两台机器分别为主节点和从节点。主节点在正常情况下占用资源并运行所有的服务，遇到故障时把资源交给从节点并由从节点运行服务。在该选项为 on 的情况下，一旦主节点恢复运行，则自动获取资源并取代从节点，负责不取代从节点；</li>
<li><code>node</code>： 指定主和从，各占一行，主在上从在下；</li>
<li><code>respawn hacluster /usr/lib/heartbeat/ipfail</code>：指定与 heartbeat 一同启动和关闭的进程，该进程被自动监视，遇到故障则重新启动。最常用的进程是 ipfail ，该进程用于检测和处理网络故障，需要配合 ping 语句指定的 ping node 来检测网络连接。如果系统是64，注意该文件的路径<code>/usr/lib64/heartbeat/ipfail</code>。</li>
</ul>
<h4 id="7-把主上的三个配置文件拷贝到从上"><a href="#7-把主上的三个配置文件拷贝到从上" class="headerlink" title="7.把主上的三个配置文件拷贝到从上"></a>7.把主上的三个配置文件拷贝到从上</h4><figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><div class="line">1</div><div class="line">2</div></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><div class="line">[root@master ~]<span class="comment"># cd /etc/ha.d/</span></div><div class="line">[root@master ha.d]<span class="comment"># scp authkeys ha.cf haresources slave:/etc/ha.d/</span></div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;scp 命令安装</p>
<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><div class="line">1</div></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><div class="line">yum -y install openssh-clients</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;如果提示错误，主从都安装</p>
<h4 id="8-从上（slave）编辑-ha-cf"><a href="#8-从上（slave）编辑-ha-cf" class="headerlink" title="8.从上（slave）编辑 ha.cf"></a>8.从上（slave）编辑 ha.cf</h4><figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><div class="line">1</div></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><div class="line">[root@slave ~]<span class="comment"># vim /etc/ha.d/ha.cf</span></div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;ucast eth1 192.168.91.101 修改为 ucast eth1 192.168.91.100</p>
<h4 id="9-启动-heartbeat"><a href="#9-启动-heartbeat" class="headerlink" title="9.启动 heartbeat"></a>9.启动 heartbeat</h4><p>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;先主，后从</p>
<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><div class="line">1</div></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><div class="line"><span class="comment"># service heartbeat start</span></div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h4 id="10-检查测试"><a href="#10-检查测试" class="headerlink" title="10.检查测试"></a>10.检查测试</h4><p>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;主执行</p>
<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><div class="line">1</div></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><div class="line">[root@master ~]<span class="comment"># ifconfig</span></div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;看是否有 eth0:0</p>
<p><figure class="figure"><img src="https://github.com/hcldirgit/image/blob/master/heartbeat%E9%83%A8%E7%BD%B2%E8%BF%87%E7%A8%8B/02.png?raw=true" alt="images"><figcaption class="figure__caption">images</figcaption></figure></p>
<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><div class="line">1</div></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><div class="line">[root@master ~]<span class="comment"># ps aux | grep nginx</span></div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;看是否有 nginx 进程</p>
<p><figure class="figure"><img src="https://github.com/hcldirgit/image/blob/master/heartbeat%E9%83%A8%E7%BD%B2%E8%BF%87%E7%A8%8B/03.png?raw=true" alt="images"><figcaption class="figure__caption">images</figcaption></figure></p>
<h4 id="11-测试1"><a href="#11-测试1" class="headerlink" title="11.测试1"></a>11.测试1</h4><p>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;主上故意禁 ping </p>
<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><div class="line">1</div></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><div class="line">[root@master ~]<span class="comment"># iptables -I INPUT -p icmp -j DROP</span></div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;从上执行</p>
<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><div class="line">1</div></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><div class="line">[root@slave ~]<span class="comment"># ifconfig</span></div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;看是否有 eth0:0</p>
<p><figure class="figure"><img src="https://github.com/hcldirgit/image/blob/master/heartbeat%E9%83%A8%E7%BD%B2%E8%BF%87%E7%A8%8B/04.png?raw=true" alt="images"><figcaption class="figure__caption">images</figcaption></figure></p>
<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><div class="line">1</div></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><div class="line">[root@slave ~]<span class="comment"># ps aux | grep nginx</span></div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;看是否有 nginx 进程</p>
<p><figure class="figure"><img src="https://github.com/hcldirgit/image/blob/master/heartbeat%E9%83%A8%E7%BD%B2%E8%BF%87%E7%A8%8B/05.png?raw=true" alt="images"><figcaption class="figure__caption">images</figcaption></figure></p>
<p>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;主上执行</p>
<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><div class="line">1</div></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><div class="line">[root@master ~]<span class="comment"># iptables -D INPUT -p icmp -j DROP</span></div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;主上恢复 eth0:0 和 nginx，从上停止 eth0:0 和 nginx 服务</p>
<h4 id="12-测试2"><a href="#12-测试2" class="headerlink" title="12.测试2"></a>12.测试2</h4><p>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;主上停止 heartbeat 服务</p>
<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><div class="line">1</div></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><div class="line">[root@master ~]<span class="comment"># service heartbeat stop</span></div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;从上会启动 eth0:0 和 nginx 服务</p>
<p>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;主上开启 heartbeat 服务</p>
<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><div class="line">1</div></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><div class="line">[root@master ~]<span class="comment"># service heartbeat start</span></div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;主上恢复 eth0:0 和 nginx 服务，从上停止 eth0:0 和 nginx 服务</p>
<h4 id="13-测试脑裂"><a href="#13-测试脑裂" class="headerlink" title="13.测试脑裂"></a>13.测试脑裂</h4><p>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;主和从上都 down 掉 eth1 网卡</p>
<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><div class="line">1</div></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><div class="line">ifdown eth1</div></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;主和从都会启动 eth0:0 网卡和 nginx 服务</p>

	

	
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